Leonard Stanley Rust1
(1898 - 1905)
Father* | William Rust1 b. 1870, d. 1939 |
Mother* | Julia (Guiliana) Hannah Chiaroni1 b. c 1870, d. 1920 |
Leonard's birth was registered between October 1898 and December 1898 in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex.1
Leonard's death was registered between July 1905 and September 1905 in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex.2
Leonard's death was registered between July 1905 and September 1905 in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex.2
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p23, 4Q1898, mother's maiden name CHIORANI.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p37, 3Q1905, aged 7.
Lettis Rust1
(1838 - )
Father* | Thomas Rust1 b. c 1809, d. 1879 |
Mother* | Mary Witham1 b. c 1809 |
Lettis's birth was registered between January 1838 and March 1838 in Braintree, Essex.1
The siblings Rebecca, Lettis and James were listed in the 1841 census in Felstead, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham.2
The siblings Rebecca, Lettis and James were listed in the 1841 census in Felstead, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham.2
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Mabel Florence Rust1,2
(1887 - 1952)
Father* | Harold George Rust1,2 b. 1864, d. 1946 |
Mother* | Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow1,2 b. 1865, d. 1958 |
Mabel Florence Rust was born in Islington, Middlesex, on 26 June 1887.3,2,1,4 and was baptised on 4 September 1887 at St Mary Haggerston in Hackney.2
The siblings Mabel and Amy were listed in the 1891 census at 111 Leopold Bd in Bethnal Green, London, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow.3
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1901 census at 20 Denton Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow.5
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1911 census at 16 Bulwer Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow. Mabel was a linen collar machinist.6
Mabel's marriage to Albert Henry Lane was registered between April 1912 and June 1912.7,8
Mabel was present at the wedding of Sydney Ernest Wicks and Rose Emmeline Rust at Tanners End Mission Hall, Stalham Grove in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 22 May 1915.9
She was listed in the 1921 census as Head of Family at 4 Hazlewood Terrace in Herne Bay, Kent. Her children Constance and Leslie were listed as living with her, as was her mother Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow. This was probably a holiday address, as her husband was at home in Edmonton.10
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 133 Silver St in Edmonton, Middlesex, with Albert Henry Lane; he was a print stereotyper. Leslie Albert Lane, Harold Robert Lane and Doreen Florence Lane were listed as living at the same address.4
Mabel's death was registered between April 1952 and June 1952 in Edmonton, Middlesex.7,11
The siblings Mabel and Amy were listed in the 1891 census at 111 Leopold Bd in Bethnal Green, London, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow.3
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1901 census at 20 Denton Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow.5
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1911 census at 16 Bulwer Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow. Mabel was a linen collar machinist.6
Mabel's marriage to Albert Henry Lane was registered between April 1912 and June 1912.7,8
Mabel was present at the wedding of Sydney Ernest Wicks and Rose Emmeline Rust at Tanners End Mission Hall, Stalham Grove in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 22 May 1915.9
She was listed in the 1921 census as Head of Family at 4 Hazlewood Terrace in Herne Bay, Kent. Her children Constance and Leslie were listed as living with her, as was her mother Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow. This was probably a holiday address, as her husband was at home in Edmonton.10
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 133 Silver St in Edmonton, Middlesex, with Albert Henry Lane; he was a print stereotyper. Leslie Albert Lane, Harold Robert Lane and Doreen Florence Lane were listed as living at the same address.4
Mabel's death was registered between April 1952 and June 1952 in Edmonton, Middlesex.7,11
Family | Albert Henry Lane (1886 - 1955) |
Children |
|
Charts | Rust descendant chart Snow descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Holborn, Vol1b, p709, 3Q1887, mother's maiden name SNOW.
- [S581] National Archives Film - London Metropolitan Archives, Haggerston St Mary, Register of Baptism, p91/mry1, Item 010.
- [S178] Census - 5 Apr 1891, UK census, ED 5a RG12-257 Folio 29 p46.
- [S1044] Census - 29 Sep 1939, UK Register, RG101/0731B/001/37, Letter Code: BDAL, Schedule 13.
- [S430] Census - 31 Mar 1901, UK census, ED 14 RG13-1262 Folio 87 p9.
- [S687] Census - 2 Apr 1911, UK census, RG14PN7360 RG78PN357 RD132 SD5 ED10 SN179.
- [S254] Letter - D Lane to S Cumming, 11 Feb 2003.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Marriage: District of Edmonton, Vol 3a, p1224, 2Q1912.
- [S915] GRO England & Wales, marriage record, District of Edmonton, Vol 3a, p1531, entry 144.
- [S1259] Census - 19 Jun 1921, UK census, RG15-4352, RD 59, SD 2, ED 7, Schedule 73.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Edmonton, Vol 5e, p259, 2Q1952.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Edmonton, Vol 3a, p1230, 3Q1913, mother's maiden name RUST.
Mabel Florence Rust1
(1890 - 1974)
Father* | William Rust1 b. 1870, d. 1939 |
Mother* | Julia (Guiliana) Hannah Chiaroni1 b. c 1870, d. 1920 |
Mabel Florence Rust was born in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, on 28 September 1890.1,2
Mabel's marriage to Edward Charles Ingle Cole was registered between April 1917 and June 1917 in Luton, Bedfordshire.3
She was listed in the 1921 census at 32 Alfred St in Luton, Bedfordshire, with her husband Edward; he was an engineer's driller and boiler worker and the household included his mother Selina. Their children Edward and Frederick were listed as living with them.4
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 32 Alfred St in Luton, Bedfordshire, with Edward Charles Ingle Cole; he was an engineer's radial driller. Edward Ingle Cole was listed as living at the same address.5
She was widowed on the death of her husband Edward between July 1969 and September 1969.6
Mabel's death was registered between October 1974 and December 1974 in Luton, Bedfordshire.2
Mabel's marriage to Edward Charles Ingle Cole was registered between April 1917 and June 1917 in Luton, Bedfordshire.3
She was listed in the 1921 census at 32 Alfred St in Luton, Bedfordshire, with her husband Edward; he was an engineer's driller and boiler worker and the household included his mother Selina. Their children Edward and Frederick were listed as living with them.4
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 32 Alfred St in Luton, Bedfordshire, with Edward Charles Ingle Cole; he was an engineer's radial driller. Edward Ingle Cole was listed as living at the same address.5
She was widowed on the death of her husband Edward between July 1969 and September 1969.6
Mabel's death was registered between October 1974 and December 1974 in Luton, Bedfordshire.2
Family | Edward Charles Ingle Cole (1887 - 1969) |
Children |
|
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p28, 4Q1890, mother's maiden name CHIARONI.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Luton, Vol 9, p328, 4Q1974, aged 84 under married name of COLE, birth date 28 Sep 1890.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Marriage: District of Luton, Vol 3b, p709, 2Q1917.
- [S1259] Census - 19 Jun 1921, UK census, RG15-8014, RD 178, SD 2, ED 11, Schedule 267.
- [S1044] Census - 29 Sep 1939, UK Register, RG101/1979G/003/19 Letter Code: DPMJ, Schedule 15.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Luton, Vol 4a, p368, 3Q1969, aged 82, birth date 3 Feb 1887.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Luton, Vol 3b, p674, 4Q1919, mother's maiden name RUST.
Margaret Rust1
(1889 - )
Father* | William Rust1 b. 1870, d. 1939 |
Mother* | Julia (Guiliana) Hannah Chiaroni1 b. c 1870, d. 1920 |
Margaret's birth was registered between April 1889 and June 1889 in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex.1
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p43, 2Q1889, mother's maiden name CHIARONI.
Maud Beatrice Rust1
(1893 - 1976)
Father* | Ernest Austin Rust1 b. 1873, d. 1932 |
Mother* | Alice Maud Whitford1 b. 1874, d. 1942 |
Maud Beatrice Rust was born in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, on 8 August 1893.1,2,3
They married Charles Walter Read in Stratford St John, Essex, on 31 July 1920.4
She was listed in the 1921 census at 38 Deanery Rd in Stratford, Essex, with her husband Charles; he was a dock labourer at Free Trade Wharf and she worked at a bakery.5
She was listed in the 1939 Register at Laburnum Walk in Hornchurch, Essex, with Charles Walter Read; he was a dock labourer. Ronald Charles Read was listed as living at the same address.3
She was widowed at age 66 on the death of her husband Charles on 8 November 1959.6
She was appointed administrator of Charles Walter Read's estate in London on 4 December 1959.6
Maud died on 29 May 1976 in Barking, London, at age 82.2,7
Her will was probated in Ipswich on 26 August 1976 with an estate of £12101.7
They married Charles Walter Read in Stratford St John, Essex, on 31 July 1920.4
She was listed in the 1921 census at 38 Deanery Rd in Stratford, Essex, with her husband Charles; he was a dock labourer at Free Trade Wharf and she worked at a bakery.5
She was listed in the 1939 Register at Laburnum Walk in Hornchurch, Essex, with Charles Walter Read; he was a dock labourer. Ronald Charles Read was listed as living at the same address.3
She was widowed at age 66 on the death of her husband Charles on 8 November 1959.6
She was appointed administrator of Charles Walter Read's estate in London on 4 December 1959.6
Maud died on 29 May 1976 in Barking, London, at age 82.2,7
Her will was probated in Ipswich on 26 August 1976 with an estate of £12101.7
Family | Charles Walter Read (1892 - 1959) |
Child |
|
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p54, 3Q1893, mother's maiden name WHITFORD.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Barking, Vol 11, p124, 2Q1976, aged 82, married name READ, birth date given as 8 Aug 1893.
- [S1044] Census - 29 Sep 1939, UK Register, RG101/1523H/017/19 Letter Code: DCBM, Schedule 201.
- [S1241] National Archives - Essex Record Office, Essex Church of England Parish Registers. Registers of Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, Stratford, St John; Parish Records; 1918-1920.
- [S1259] Census - 19 Jun 1921, UK census, RG15-8271 RD 188, SD 1, ED 22, Schedule 357.
- [S677] Index - England High Court of Justice, England & Wales National Probate Calendar, administration (with will) granted to Maud Beatrice Read, widow.
- [S677] Index - England High Court of Justice, England & Wales National Probate Calendar, administration with will granted 26 Aug 1976, ref. no. 761008204W.
May Pretoria Rust1
(1900 - 1986)
Father* | Ernest Austin Rust1 b. 1873, d. 1932 |
Mother* | Alice Maud Whitford1 b. 1874, d. 1942 |
May Pretoria Rust was born in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, on 24 June 1900.1,2
She was listed in the 1921 census with Edward Spurgeon at 80 Mintern St in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, as Edward's daughter, which was incorrect.3
May's marriage to William Henry Shattock was registered between January 1922 and March 1922 in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex.4,5
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 118 Queensbridge Rd in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, with William Henry Shattock; he was a builder's labourer. Edith May Shattock was listed as living at the same address.4
May's death was registered between January 1986 and March 1986 in Redbridge, London.2
She was listed in the 1921 census with Edward Spurgeon at 80 Mintern St in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, as Edward's daughter, which was incorrect.3
May's marriage to William Henry Shattock was registered between January 1922 and March 1922 in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex.4,5
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 118 Queensbridge Rd in Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, with William Henry Shattock; he was a builder's labourer. Edith May Shattock was listed as living at the same address.4
May's death was registered between January 1986 and March 1986 in Redbridge, London.2
Family | William Henry Shattock (1890 - 1986) |
Child |
|
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p32, 3Q1900, mother's maiden name WHITFORD.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Redbridge, Vol 14, p1610, 1Q1986, aged 85, married name SHATTOCK, birth date of 24 Jun 1900.
- [S1259] Census - 19 Jun 1921, UK census, RG15-1393, RD 16, SD 2, ED 23, Schedule 207.
- [S1044] Census - 29 Sep 1939, UK Register, RG101/0504I/016/8 Letter Code: ATNL, Schedule 219.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Marriage: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p117, 1Q1922.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Shoreditch, Vol 1c, p95, 1Q1923, mother's maiden name SPURGEON.
Rebecca Rust1
(c 1836 - )
Father* | Thomas Rust1 b. c 1809, d. 1879 |
Mother* | Mary Witham1 b. c 1809 |
Rebecca Rust was born in Braintree, Essex, circa 1836.1 She was baptised on 28 February 1836 at Great Dunmow, Essex.2
The siblings Rebecca, Lettis and James were listed in the 1841 census in Felstead, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham.3
The siblings Rebecca, James, Charles, George, Samuel, William and Susan were listed in the 1851 census in Southchurch, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham. Rebecca seems to have been recorded as Roblesa in this census.1
The siblings Rebecca, Lettis and James were listed in the 1841 census in Felstead, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham.3
The siblings Rebecca, James, Charles, George, Samuel, William and Susan were listed in the 1851 census in Southchurch, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham. Rebecca seems to have been recorded as Roblesa in this census.1
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S118] Census - 30 Mar 1851, UK census, ED 3 HO107-1777 Folio 321 p16-17 GSU roll 207424.
- [S871] FamilySearch, at https://www.familysearch.org/en/, England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975, FHL film 1472220.
- [S117] Census - 6 Jun 1841, UK census, ED 6, HO107-331-16, Folio 41, p27, GSU roll 241369.
Rose Emmeline Rust
(1891 - 1972)
Father* | Harold George Rust b. 1864, d. 1946 |
Mother* | Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow b. 1865, d. 1958 |
Rose Emmeline Rust was born in Bethnal Green, Middlesex, on 29 August 1891.1,2,3,4
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1901 census at 20 Denton Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow.2
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1911 census at 16 Bulwer Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow. Rose was a frilling machinist.5
She married Sydney Ernest Wicks, son of Ernest Edward Wicks and Sarah Ann Murphy, at Tanners End Mission Hall, Stalham Grove in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 22 May 1915. At the time of marriage Sidney described himself as a Private (RAMC), and ex-Insurance Agent, currently residing at the Military Hospital, Belfast; Rose was working as a machinist.6
She was listed as a visitor to Albert Henry Lane's household in the 1921 Census at 37 Sheldon Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with her husband and young daughter.7
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 1 Bulwer Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with Sydney Ernest Wicks; he was working as the London rep for a Hankerchief Manufacturer. Hazel Wicks was listed as living at the same address.3
Rose, as the mother of the bride, attended Sylvia Wicks and Kenneth James Merison's wedding in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 8 August 1952.1,8
She was widowed at age 69 on the death of her husband Sydney on 3 January 1961.1,9,10,11
She was appointed administrator of Sydney Ernest Wicks's estate in London on 6 March 1961.10
Rose died on 25 October 1972 in Enfield, Middlesex, at age 81.1,12
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1901 census at 20 Denton Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow.2
The siblings Mabel, Amy, Rose and Albert were listed in the 1911 census at 16 Bulwer Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with their parents, Harold George Rust and Emma Elizabeth Ellen Snow. Rose was a frilling machinist.5
She married Sydney Ernest Wicks, son of Ernest Edward Wicks and Sarah Ann Murphy, at Tanners End Mission Hall, Stalham Grove in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 22 May 1915. At the time of marriage Sidney described himself as a Private (RAMC), and ex-Insurance Agent, currently residing at the Military Hospital, Belfast; Rose was working as a machinist.6
She was listed as a visitor to Albert Henry Lane's household in the 1921 Census at 37 Sheldon Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with her husband and young daughter.7
She was listed in the 1939 Register at 1 Bulwer Rd in Edmonton, Middlesex, with Sydney Ernest Wicks; he was working as the London rep for a Hankerchief Manufacturer. Hazel Wicks was listed as living at the same address.3
Rose, as the mother of the bride, attended Sylvia Wicks and Kenneth James Merison's wedding in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 8 August 1952.1,8
She was widowed at age 69 on the death of her husband Sydney on 3 January 1961.1,9,10,11
She was appointed administrator of Sydney Ernest Wicks's estate in London on 6 March 1961.10
Rose died on 25 October 1972 in Enfield, Middlesex, at age 81.1,12
Family | Sydney Ernest Wicks (1889 - 1961) |
Children |
|
Charts | Wicks descendant chart Rust descendant chart Snow descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.
Citations
- [S254] Letter - D Lane to S Cumming, 11 Feb 2003.
- [S430] Census - 31 Mar 1901, UK census, ED 14 RG13-1262 Folio 87 p9.
- [S1044] Census - 29 Sep 1939, UK Register, RG101/0731B/011/33, Letter Code: BDAL, Schedule 164.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Birth: District of Holborn, Vol 1b, p757, 3Q1891.
- [S687] Census - 2 Apr 1911, UK census, RG14PN7360 RG78PN357 RD132 SD5 ED10 SN179.
- [S915] GRO England & Wales, marriage record, District of Edmonton, Vol 3a, p1531, entry 144.
- [S1259] Census - 19 Jun 1921, UK census, RG15-6885, RD 132, SD 5, ED 11 Schedule 230.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Marriage: District of Edmonton, Vol 5e, p718, 3Q1952.
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Edmonton, Vol 5e, p389, Mar 1961, aged 71.
- [S677] Index - England High Court of Justice, England & Wales National Probate Calendar, administration granted in London to Rose Emmeline WICKS, widow.
- [S1235] Family papers - "unpublished manuscript by Richard WICKS, Oct 2020 for his mother’s 100th birthday celebrations."
- [S190] Index - GRO and Office of National Statistics, England & Wales Civil Registration Qtrly Indexes, Death: District of Enfield, Vol 5b, p752, Dec 1972, aged 81.
Samuel Rust1
(1846 - )
Father* | Thomas Rust1 b. c 1809, d. 1879 |
Mother* | Mary Witham1 b. c 1809 |
Samuel's birth was registered between January 1846 and March 1846 in Prittlewell, Essex.1,2
The siblings Rebecca, James, Charles, George, Samuel, William and Susan were listed in the 1851 census in Southchurch, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham.1
The siblings Rebecca, James, Charles, George, Samuel, William and Susan were listed in the 1851 census in Southchurch, Essex, with their parents, Thomas Rust and Mary Witham.1
Charts | Rust descendant chart |
Copyright © 2011-24 by Don Ferguson. You may copy this information and make derivative works as long as you credit www.fergusontree.com for the original materials.